The development from traditional agriculture to intelligent agriculture needs to be driven by data. Acquiring agricultural environmental data through sensors and using advanced means such as wireless data transmission and IoT technology make agricultural data collection more refined and intelligent. In this paper, we design a prototype of controller-based mobile agricultural data collection device. The Microcontroller development board is connected to a DC stepper motor driver board, a tri-color LED module and a buzzer. Using the driver module to drive two DC motors, the microcontroller development board is connected to a temperature and humidity sensor, a photoresistor sensor and a gas sensor. After compiling in the controller environment and networking using the WiFi module of the controller development board, the device is controlled through a software application to receive and view the collected data. The four SG90 servos are controlled by connecting the breadboard power module and the Bluetooth module through the microcontroller development board. After the Bluetooth connection, the four servos are controlled by the software application to achieve the robotic arm grasping function. The test experiment results show that the device runs smoothly, the light illumination, alarm and robotic arm grasping functions can be realized, and the movable collection of specific data about the environment where the crops are located, such as temperature, humidity, light level and gas can be smoothly realized, and the collected datas meet the objective regular changes.

Detecting faults in transmission lines is particularly important in the power generation and distribution industry. Transmission lines are responsible for carrying electricity over long distances from power plants to substations and then on to homes and businesses. The detecting, categorizing, and safeguarding transmission lines faults are addressed in this work along with a unique approach. The suggested system employs microcontroller and GSM communication. Identify Series fault (LG, LL), shunt faults (LO, LLO, LLLO) and overvoltage, which occur in three-phase overhead lines, are identified, and categorized based on the characteristic's voltage conditions at the time of the fault For the purpose of identifying and categorizing errors, the sensed signals are provided to the Microcontroller. GSM, a mobile cellular technology, is employed to deliver messages to the responsible person to eliminate fault as soon as possible. On the area for fault display, the fault type is shown. By deploying protective devices, the fault is simultaneously interrupted.

This paper is written with the aim to make an automated temperature-based cooling arrangement for the Solar Panels using controller. The goal is to lower the operating temperature of PV modules, to increase PV output efficiency due to operation at lower temperatures. This system will shorten the payback period of the investment and increase the longevity of the Solar Panels. The controller helps in functioning of the cooling system guided by the code to make it completely automated and hence lead to better energy saving. This system when integrated with IoT helps in better operation management and freedom of control from anywhere. This system is smart” as it operates automatically, managing all year weather variations.

The design and implementation of a smart home monitoring system using Zigbee and a Wifi gateway are presented in this paper. The suggested system uses several Zigbee-based sensors dispersed throughout a house to track various environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and air pressure. The Wifi gateway, which serves as the system's hub, receives the sensor data wirelessly after being gathered. The gateway processes the sensor data, stores it in a database, and provides the user with real-time monitoring and control capabilities via a web-based interface. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system through experimental evaluations in a simulated home environment.

The article presents a novel approach to collecting and transmitting data across large distances without relying on an internet connection for additional processing. This is accomplished by using a custom ESP32 microcontroller and sensors, capable of reliably detecting fire in forests and farms while maintaining low power consumption. By designing a low-cost and low-power device, the system enables users to deploy sender units that can collect and send data over an extended period without needing maintenance. The system utilizes the Zigbee Network to facilitate data transmission, making it feasible to deploy these units in rural areas without internet service. The presented solution showcases the potential of the ESP32 microcontroller platform for collecting and transmitting data over long distances with minimal power consumption.

The main purpose of this research study is to provide solutions to faults/hazards/threats that occur in Industry 4.0 with the rise of new technologies, and devices so these problems can be identified and preventive action can be taken before any crisis. These incidents are caused due to leakage of gas, fire, boiler/cylinder explosions, overheating of operating machines, and other manmade disasters or improper handling of chemical, biological and radioactive material, etc. Therefore, it becomes important to identify such incidents at an early stage to prevent major accidents and save the lives of employees in Industry 4.0 and surrounding livelihood. Considering the above scenario, the authors present a solution called Industrial Fault Monitoring Bot. This robot is deployed in the manufacturing plant to monitor safety conditions in different units. The robot swiftly navigates through various units, checks the safety status, and reports this to the safety unit. In this paper, the authors will elaborate on the design, working, and technologies used for it.

Now a days its a challenge to improve development of plant in respect of its growth and to reduce costs which leads to an innovative idea of using an automated irrigation system which will further help in better management of water and human resources. An automated irrigation system have been developed using sensors technology with Microcontroller to efficiently utilize water for irrigation purpose. The system has soil moisture sensor inserted into the soil of the plants and a water level sensor placed in a water container from where water will be pumped to plants for irrigation. An algorithm has been build out with threshold values of soil moisture sensor to control the water quantity in soil and also a water level sensor has been implemented to measure the water level in tank. This project is need of the hour to convert manual irrigation into an automated irrigation which with the help of soil moisture sensor will detect dankness content of soil leading to turn ON/OFF of pumping motor. Human efforts can be reduced using this technique and increase saving of water by efficiently irrigating the plants. The design has been made with better resource management and low power consumption. This project brings into play a micro-controller which is of 8051 family, this programmable micro-controller collects the input signals converted into values of moisture in the soil via soil moisture sensors. As the microcontroller starts obtaining the signals, it creates an outputthat forces a relay for running the water pumping motor. An LCD screen is also linked to the micro-controller to show moisture conditions of the soil and water pump. The water level sensor is used to detect the level of tank so that tank contains efficient water to transfer into crops.

Fire detectors and monitoring systems have been proven to save many lives, making them a promising investment. A fire detector is well acknowledged as one of the best preventive measures to avoid serious fire incidents. Nevertheless, there aren't many fire prevention measures used in residential areas. As a result, an early fire detection device was created that uses an wireless sensor network to gather information about the fire, such as its location, temperature, humidity, pressure, and gas content. It is a low-cost fire detector with a graphic interface that can be used with a mobile application to immediately track and log the temperature, humidity, pressure, and gas concentration in its coverage area. The prototype's efficiency and reliability were demonstrated in this investigation using the ANOVA test and a reliability percentage test. According to test results, the prototype can detect fire within 30 seconds and gas within 10 seconds at mounting heights of 2.5 to 3 meters and spacings of up to 5 to 10 meters. There is a one-minute delay after the initial notification is issued in each sensor node for each fire and gas detected.

Wheelchairs are essential for people with physical disabilities, the elderly, and those who are temporarily incapacitated due to illness or accidents. However, traditional wheelchairs require personal effort or assistance from others. With the advancement of technology, patient support and monitoring systems have become more user-friendly and easier to use. This study involves the development of a wheelchair prototype and a fall detection system using controller. The prototype and system can be monitored by an overseer or concerned individual. The fall detection system consists of an accelerometer, GSM module, and GPS module. In the event of a fall, the system triggers an emergency buzzer alert and sends a notification to the concerned person along with the location. This innovative system is designed to improve patient safety and security by providing real-time monitoring of wheelchair users. With the use of controller, the system is easy to operate and can be customized to meet specific patient needs. The combination of the accelerometer, GSM, and GPS modules provides a reliable and effective fall detection solution. Overall, this study offers a promising solution to improve the quality of life for wheelchair users and their caregivers.

Across the globe, the demand for water is high, especially in developing nations like India. Humans are digging bore wells in water-scarce locations, primarily in rural areas, as a result, the demand for underground water raised. Many innocent infants and animals are falling into these pits which are left uncovered. They are prone to death due to no proper and efficient rescue equipment. In recent cases, it is seen that the conventional approach is inefficient in terms of time and labor requirements. This means that it takes long time and effort to complete a task using this method, which can result in delay, higher costs, and may lead to the death of the victim. The proposed child rescue system features an arm clipper designed to safely extract the child from the borewell. A wireless webcam is mounted onto the arm clipper, which provides real-time monitoring of the infant's position as the rescue operation progresses. To accurately measure the temperature deep inside the borewell, a temperature sensor is also attached to the arm dipper. A gas sensor is used to detect the presence of harmful gases. What sets this research apart from existing methods is the provision of a flexible base for the child, which prevents them from sinking deeper into the borewell. The base is delivered to the victim in the form of a stick and, once it reaches the victim, it opens up into an L-shape, providing a stable platform for the child. The entire system is controlled by a microcontroller, which receives commands through switches. The use of this innovative base and microcontroller-based control system improves the safety and efficiency of borewell rescue operations, ultimately helping to save lives.

A machine is required when humans would like to work in different environmental conditions, such as toxic material, remote handling of bombs, health conditions, and sewage treatment. The paper aims to build a robot car that monitors the human voice's movement and senses distant objects. The L298N board, HC-05, microcontroller, ultrasonic sensor, battery, and jumping wires are included in this system. The robot movement and control system is used by the speaker to allow the robot to react to any speaker command that gives any verbal instruction that produces sound frequencies of the human voice. Through the software application, the user of a robotic car will choose the route or path to control the movement of the car. The user can monitor the robot's movements on his own smart device and allow the car to drive in his own way. In this method, a microcontroller with android devices is linked through a bluetooth module to receive desired voice commands. The robot then escapes obstacles and detects distant objects. The android application that is used to convert a voice to a text command and then transmit data to a microcontroller moves the robot via a voice application according to the user's command. After receiving the command, the robot moves in left, right, forward, and backward directions. This device tried to alert workers to the possibility of a terrorist attack in a military camp.

This paper deals with a simple smart vehicles parking system by using basic components like micro controller, IR Sensors, Servo Motor, LCD etc. Parking, offered in malls, shopping areas, etc., are provided with help of a person which is very time consuming. Because of this, we created a straightforward vehicle parking system that uses IR sensors installed at parking spaces to detect the presence of parked vehicles, an LCD display board that shows the number of vacant and occupied parking spaces, and an LCD display board that shows the number of parking spaces currently available. Therefore, the research methodology work solution creates and implements an experimental setup that will regulate traffic in parking areas while also informing drivers about free spots. The main function of the servomotor is to permit and prohibited vehicles in and out of indoor spaces by opening and turning off the entry or exit barrier according to the data obtained from the IR sensors which are present on the entry gate, exit gate, parking spots.

The highly contagious COVID'19 virus's extensive distribution caused the pandemic, which intensified the importance of personal cleanliness and health. Wearing a protective face mask, keeping a certain physical distance, and regularly washing your hands with soap or hand sanitizer are a few precautions you may take to stay safe during this pandemic. An automatic touchless temperature-monitoring doorbell can provide guarded and touch-free temperature sensing, thus informing the household members. The widespread usage of outdated touch-type doorbells may result in the transmission of the coronavirus. The aforementioned article describes a novel approach to creating a Novel Doorbell system that can be activated using gestures and simultaneously detects the person's temperature and notifies the home of a suspected infectious disease.

The continuous monitoring of student’s whereabouts process requires an individual to be designated to each student, which is not an ideal case for larger number of students. This project explores the idea of locating the student’s when he/she will go out of the college/institution. This is done by using a GPS Module which is with the student. Tracking of a person and monitoring continuously requires a human assistance for long time. There are some mobile applications to track the location using some map APIs. Applications like google map has feature of sharing location through different messaging mediums or social networks. So that we cannot track people without assistance. The technique used in this project involves the use of GPS to alert the admin by sending SMS. Admin or parent is notified whenever respective student will cross the specific location, which is indeed the college. A GSM module is used to send SMS as soon as the location is crossed. SMS can be sent to the parent and the respective faculty in charge of the student.

In the past few years ago, the global rate of smart irrigation it is expected likely to make the market was worth at 1,404.4 million at the annual compound growth rate of 13.84,495. This is attribute or assign to the ameliorate better Research and Development for growing and improving the activities and the progress of embrace and espouse of the ability to exert effort in energy-efficient smart irrigation systems there is a rapid and fast growth in the field of agriculture technology. In enlargement, excessive weather conditions are universal across the countries in the world wide web. Irrigation in such region must be extremely effective, thereby hustling the require for these systems. India is an agriculture country where farmers are the most important part. Farmers plays a very crucial role in overall productivity of our country. As we all know that agriculture is one of the most important root of surviving mass number of bulk Indians which has uncountable credit on economy of the country.

This research study intends to enable additional security measures that may be applied in homes and workplace. The A2-way verification approach is used in the proposed system. Initially, the Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) stores the security password. A randomly generated OTP is delivered through Bluetooth to the user's smartphone for two-way verification if the user inputs the proper password. The system will be opened and the necessary job may be started if the entered OTP matches. Access is banned and the user will only be given a limited number of opportunities if either the password or OTP are incorrect (3 chances in the proposed system). Major goal is to create a comprehensive home security system employing embedded (Microcontroller) technologies and wireless devices. Comparing the suggested system to the current security systems, it offers low cost service while still guaranteeing excellent security. This mechanism, which doubles as a safety lock, will be quite helpful in protecting pricey gems.

This model aims to shorten the line at billing counters in shopping malls or supermarkets. The system accomplishes this by presenting the entire details of the product on the cart. By using this process, the customer can pay the balance in full directly at the checkout counter and proceed with their purchases. This eliminates the traditional method of scanning goods at the counter, resulting in a faster overall purchasing experience. Additionally, with this system, the customer knows the total amount to be paid and can plan their shopping accordingly. Purchasing only essential commodities will result in increasing savings. Human error is significantly decreased when the whole billing process is automated. To improve the customer’s purchasing experience, the system also includes the ability to delete scanned products. The method is advantageous for shopping malls because it can assist in lowering the number of billing counters, which will help drastically lower labor costs. This model is based on the Controller platform, which connects to several IoT modules that are widely used in research and wireless automation solutions. The use of load cells ensures security during shopping by detecting the unscanned products.

The aim of this paper is to provide a simple automatic car parking allocation system with basic components like microcontroller that provides solution to the problems in car parking allocation. Parking allocations provided in shopping complexes, malls, multi-store buildings etc usually have persons allocated to supervise manually the traffic and to allocate spaces available for parking, directing vehicles to be parked without any disturbances making the process more complex. A simple parking automation system with IR sensors provided at the parking space to detect the presence of vehicle parked, LED notification board to show specific empty parking slots and a display to direct individuals can avoid trafficking at the gateways of parking slots and helps them to park their vehicles easily. Therefore, the proposed research work designs and implements a prototype system model, which will regulate trafficking in parking garages along with providing information to the drivers about the availability of spaces. Also, a gate has been provided with servomotor whose main function is to allow and restrict vehicles inside and outside the parking garages by opening and closing the gate with respect to the information obtained from the IR sensors in the entrance and based on the information from the IR sensors in the parking slots.

One of the biggest problems faced by the visually impaired is navigating from place to place, be it indoors or outdoors. The main aim of this work is to help the visually impaired person to remotely locate his/her stick using a RF remote. This system incorporates with buzzer and attached with multiple sensors to provide high security to the visually impaired people while walking. Now a day's safety is main important cause to the peoples while walking or driving and many more places. The system provides the high security and show way to walk, this system can monitor the blind person position using mobile, an emergency alert message will be sent along with the exact location. The system has obstacle sensor, soil sensor and stair detection sensors, so that it can detect obstacles/ steps automatically and gives alert. By using soil moisture detector used to detect the moisture in the soil and gives alert accordingly. This system can be very useful to peoples to show correct path while walking on the floor or steps and many more places. The system can be interconnected with the microcontroller and alert the respective persons when any emergency occurs. This tracking system is composed of a GPS receiver, Microcontroller and a GSM Modem. The Microcontroller processes this information and this processed information is sent to the respective numbers.

The crux of this paper is to aid the public transport system in deploying disaster response plans to contaminate, prevent and disinfect their vehicles and services. Transport agencies should explore possible ways of adopting this invention to meet their requirements and adhere to the GOIs rules and regulations. Exemplary aspects of the present disclosure are directed towards the Smart Public Transport Disinfection and Sterilization System. The disinfection and sterilisation process generally comprises Mist-spraying chemicals and illuminating with UV-Light. The paper presented here consists of Thermoelectric-Peltier modules, which act as pseudo cooling and heating elements. If motion sensor detects no human presence, then microcontroller turns on UV-Light and opens the hot air outletl0la of Thermoelectric-Peltier modules & Ozone Generator. Simultaneously, Mist-sprayer device sprays the chemical on the surface. Blowers sucks the air from the passenger cabin and makes it flow through HEPA filter and over Thermoelectric-Peltier modules. When moisture-sensor detects the dry surface, The microcontroller stops the hot air went and opens the other side of Thermoelectric Peltier modules. The cold air sent through the vent of Thermoelectric Peltier modules eventually cools the entire cabin in minutes, disinfecting the passenger cabin.

Air pollution has a negative impact on our ability to do daily tasks and on our standard of living. Ecosystems and human well-being are under danger. Recent years have seen a notable increase in heavy industry, leaving it even more important to monitor air quality. When it comes to air quality, individuals must be aware of how much control they have. This study proposes a network of sensors to track changes in the air. The controller was employed as the platform's microcontroller. The purpose of the air pollution surveillance systems is to continuously track and record data on the state of the air around a certain location and upload that information to a central server for safekeeping and online access. Parts-per-million measures used to quantify pollution levels, and the results were evaluated in Microsoft Excel. The system's ability to monitor air quality as planned worked as intended. The results were displayed on the bespoke hardware's ui and were also stored in the cloud, where they could be accessed by anybody with a smartphone.

Urbanization has dramatically increased during the last few decades. An increase in garbage output is occurring at the same time. Because of the incompetence of the authorities and the irresponsibility of the people, foul odors from rotten wastes may continue untreated for a lengthy period of time and cause long-term issues. This could possibly result in terrible diseases. With the help of an Controller, which interfaces with the servomotor, infrared sensor, and ultrasonic sensor in this project, a smart litter box is constructed on a microcontroller-based platform. An infrared sensor and an ultrasonic sensor are positioned at the top and bottom of the trash can, respectively, to measure its level and where the bin should be stopped. The threshold height has been set at a specific height. The servo motor will activate and open the lid of the litter basket when someone approaches it, allowing them to dispose of their trash in the bin. This is how Controller will be programmed. Once these intelligent baskets are widely adopted, they can replace our present conventional trash cans and effectively manage waste by removing the need for unneeded rubbish piles to be dumped on the side of the road.

In this digital technology era for all the risky and dangerous tasks we prefer Robots rather than people. In the early stage of this Robotics the Robes are manually controlled but due advancement in wireless technology now Robes can be controlled via voice .This project was developed in a way that the robot is controlled by voice commands. An android application with a microcontroller is used for required tasks. The connection between the android app and vehicle is facilitated with Bluetooth technology. The robot is controlled by buttons on the application or by spoken commands of the user. The movement of the robot is facilitated by the two dc servo motors connected with microcontroller at the receiver side. The voice commands are converted in to digital signals by the Bluetooth RF transmitter for an appropriate range to the robot. At the receiver end the data gets decoded by the receiver and is fed to the microcontroller which drives the DC motors for the necessary work. This research objective is to design and implement a cost effective but yet flexible, adaptive and secured voice controlled robotic vehicle to perform the required task by listening to the commands of the user. The advantages of using voice as an interfacing medium are many. Firstly, there is no need of training of operating technology. Secondly, the simplification of services would give us wider adoption of existing technology and would help people with varied disabilities access the same technology.

A voice recognition and control system for use by quadriplegics and other severely physically disabled individuals in controlling a wheelchair has been developed and tested. Several wheelchair compatible features are included in the design--low power consumption, small size, low weight, and no need for wheelchair modification (existing joystick control cable plugs directly into this system). The current system uses an eight word vocabulary (e.g., "forward," "slower," "right,") and a feedback control system to maintain the chair speed and direction. A recognition rate of more than 90% has been attained in laboratory tests with experienced speakers. Future system improvements are planned to increase the recognition rate and practical utility of the chair. The results of laboratory tests with normal and quadriplegic subjects indicate that voice commands are potentially a useful and practical means of wheelchair control. The effects of environmental noise are investigated and found to be minimally deleterious.

According to the survey carried out by the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, approximately 190 elephants were killed after being hit by trains across India over the past two decades. A report from Indian Express also stated that trains ran over a large number of cattle between April 2019 and March 2020. Between 2020 and 2021, 27000 cattle deaths occurred as a result of trains running below capacity. Several reports claim that cattle deaths have been an obstacle for numerous train trips. To reduce the deaths of animals, this study introduces a railway line tracking system. The objective of this research work is to ensure the safety of wildlife from being a victim of train collisionwith a mechanism that involves the detection of object movement. The object movement is sensed by using ultrasonic sensors, and proximity sensors. The ultrasonic sensor monitors the presence of the objects and informs the centralized system, loco-pilot of the incoming train, and activates the buzzer. Consequently, it prevents accidents and saves animals' lives When the trains are around 5km away from the area of the accident, the system is activated. Otherwise, they remain idle.

This research work demonstrates the usefulness of an accelerometer sensor and how it can be used to move an object using hand gestures. The device uses microcontroller, one as the transmitter and other as the receiver. The functioning of the device is based on the serial data transmitted and received through the Bluetooth modules. The data to be transmitted and received is produced by the accelerometer sensor. Based on the data received, the motors run to produce the desired movements. The device can communicate within a range of ten meters. Such a device can be used as a gesture-controlled wheelchair for handicapped people. The code for functioning is uploaded to the Microcontroller software. The major challenge that was faced during the preparation of the model was the connection of the Bluetooth modules. Each module sends and receives data at different baud rates. If the baud rates were not same, communication will not be established. One module serially transmits the data and another module serially receives it. Different prototypes are already available with slight variations. Instead of Bluetooth modules, other modules are available to establish wireless communication. Examples are: nRF modules, RF pair, Lora WAN. As Microcontroller is larger and consumes more space, small boards such as controller Lily padhas also been implemented in the available models.

Visual impairment is a decreased ability to see something to a level that the eye is not able to see even using usual means, such as lenses or glasses. Visually impaired individuals lack this sense of vision. Hence, fulfilling the daily tasks of life becomes extremely hard for them. Therefore, goal of this study is to structure a modest, secure, wearable, and versatile framework for the visually impaired to help them in their daily routines. For this, the plan is to make an effective system that will assist visually impaired people through obstacle detection. The methodology utilizes the Microcontroller, sensors, and modules mounted on the stick of the individual. Using sensors, the obstacle are detected and guides the way

The pure Water crisis is one of the prime issues in all over the world. Almost half of the populations of the world isolated from this blessing. Insufficiency of Electricity plays a great role in their situations, as without electricity we cannot run a Pump. Renewable energy is one of the suitable answers to solve the problem. The most effective resources of renewable energy are solar energy, which could solve this crisis. This research presents a performance analysis of the solar-based water pump controlling system and water quality measuring system using controller. The main objective of this research is to automatically control the water pump and single-axis tracking for solar. Besides, the pH and turbidity of the reserve tank water show into the liquid crystal display (LCD) by using microcontroller. If the turbidity sensor senses the water is polluted then the automatically send the tank’s water to the filter for purifying and if the pH level of the water is high or low, the device automatically stops sending the water to the supply. In both cases (Turbidity low, pH high, and low), the GSM module sends a warning notification to the selected cellular device by using the controller command. This work is divided into two parts hardware and software systems. In the hardware part, four light dependent resistors (LDR) are used to sense the maximum light side from the sun. One linear actuator used to move the solar panel to the maximum light source location perceived by the LDRs. In the software part, the code is written by using C programming language and has targeted to the controller. In this idea, controller controls the whole thing. An automatic water pump can reduce the loss of pure water.

In this paper, a compact healthcare system has been developed that measures the SpO2, and heartbeat of the patient in a non-invasive method, and the result is provided within a minute on a Liquid-crystal display (LCD). In this system, a fingertip is placed on a 940nm-wavelength Near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diode (LED) and a Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen (SpO2) sensor to get SpO2, and heartbeat measurements. Light of a specific wavelength interacts with the blood, and the sensor detects the signals that carry the information of SpO2, and heartbeat level. Upon receiving the signal, the sensor's output is filtered, amplified, and routed to the controller, which calculates and displays oxygen saturation (SpO2), and beats per minute (BPM) on a (OLED) screen.

One of the most important concerns across the globe is energy crisis. The potential solution for this problem is renewable energy. In recent years, solar panels have been employed more frequently to transform solar energy into electrical energy. It is reasonably priced and almost completely safe for the environment. The electromagnetic radiation that is used to produce electricity is released by it. The major goal is to develop a workable autonomous solar tracking system that moves the solar panel so that it remains always perpendicular to the sun. In this system, the sensor will be a photoresistor. The horizontal and the vertical axes on the dual axis solar panel are rotated, so that the efficiency of the device can be increased. Hence, the dual axis provides precise control of planet elevation relative to the sun. This will provide better efficiency of the panel.

With the recent surge in crimes against women, women's safety has become a critical challenge. To address this issue, this study has developed a navigation-based women protection system. In critical situations where a woman is afraid or in danger, the proposed device gives two alarms. In dangerous conditions, this mechanism can be activated. It is useful because a woman may or may not be able to activate the emergency key in the event of a woman-related emergency. If the user is denied to use the panic button if she is pushed down from behind, a signalling device's panic button will be enabled. If a woman is knocked on the head from the side or rear, there is no way to activate the buzzer, and no one is made aware about the danger. The proposed system addresses this issue by providing user location since this device continually communicates the user location. A Global Positioning System (GPS) and a GSM modem-based system are employed here to ensure women's safety. By linking to the warning system, the system can notify the neighbours. Further, SMS will be sent to the registered mobile phone number via the preset GSM modem. For protection, the user can use a particular switch if there is any danger. Pressing the button starts the system, and an SMS including Sim and GPS information will be sent immediately.

Voice Controlled Wireless Home Automation Based on internet/ Bluetooth/ wi-fi is a project that is integrated system with mobile phone (application) to give the facility to the elderly and the disable people, so that they can easily control home utilities fully Based on their phone through voice command. The device is built in such a way that it will be easy to carry, install, configure, run and maintain for the non-technical person. Home automation involves introducing to connect the certain electrical devices that are used in a home.

Accidental fall is a significant health risk among the elderly. However, most of the fall detection systems give notification only after a fall occurs. Therefore, medical attention has shifted to fall preventive measures to reduce risks of fall and prevent any damage entirely. As most fall prediction data in previous literature are obtained from inertial sensors or static pressure sensors, in this study, wireless pressure sensors embedded insoles are used to train machine learning (ML) models to predict the risk of fall of an individual. The novelty of this paper is that dynamic walking data is obtained by wearing smart pressure insoles from 1101 subjects. We applied six different ML models, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), naive bayes (NB), decision tree (DT), and k-nearest neighbor (kNN). Results show that LR model with oversampling techniques achieved the highest area under curve (AUC) of 0.82, whereas the RF model with oversampling achieved the highest accuracy of 0.81 and specificity of 0.88. The results show that such models combined with pressure embedded wireless sensor insoles are capable for fall risk prediction.

The major objective of this project is to develop and construct an Android-operable autonomous robotic lawnmower. Here, a Bluetooth module connects Controller to the phone. Grass-cutting machinery formerly required costly fuel to operate. In this instance, a solar panel is employed to replenish the battery, obviating the requirement for an additional power source. Solar energy is easier to adopt and more cost-effective than other energy sources. Utilizing solar panels allows us to capture the sun's energy for the production of free power. The solar panel charges the battery that provides power to the lawnmower. Everything the machine performs is controlled via an Android application. Through a variety of connections, Microcontroller can communicate with a Bluetooth module and DC motors. The solar grass cutter's DC motor is controlled by a Microcontroller that gets data from an Android app through a Bluetooth module. In addition, an ultrasonic obstacle detector is plugged into the input; once an impediment is detected, the machine is stopped and the sensor's data is transferred to the cloud.

The smart water controller for metro water supply lines described in this work makes use of a relay, an ultrasonic sensor, a flow sensor, a solenoid valve, GPS, and GSM. The planned system is intended to monitor and manage the water supply in major cities. It employs a flow sensor to gauge the water flow rate, a solenoid valve to regulate water flow, an ultrasonic sensor to gauge the water level in the tank, a flow sensor to gauge water flow rate, a GPS module to track the location of the water supply, a GSM module to send alerts and notifications, and a relay to regulate the power supply. The proposed system is made to offer in-city water supply monitoring and management in real-time. The proposed system can be used to reduce water wastage and improve the efficiency of the water supply in metro cities. The suggested approach may be utilized to cut down on water waste and boost the effectiveness of water delivery in major cities.

The issue of air pollution is increasingly prominent and represents a significant environmental challenge, particularly in urban areas affected by rising migration rates. Air pollution forecasting is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying pollution in a specific region, but analyzing high-dimensional data with spatial and temporal dependencies poses a major challenge for traditional machine learning approaches. Additionally, missing sensor measurements due to malfunctions and connectivity loss have severely limited air pollution forecasting models’ performance and restricted their use in production systems. Although significant efforts have been made in air pollution forecasting, many approaches face challenges in dealing with missing sensor data. Based on past and current research, this paper proposes and evaluates four encoder-decoder architectures with attention for forecasting particulate matter (PM) levels that are location- and season-independent. To handle missing sensor data, this paper also proposes and evaluates two adversarial networks for data augmentation. We conducted experiments to investigate the performance of predictive models with and without augmenting training datasets, and using the proposed adversarial models for data augmentation resulted in superior performance gains. The deep neural architectures developed in this research are general enough for predictive and generative tasks for other pollutants and can be adapted for handling time series data in other domains.

Abnormal Behaviour Detection (ABD) systems are built to automatically identify and recognizeabnormal behaviour from various input data types, such as sensor-based and vision-based input. As much as the attention received for ABD systems, the number of studies on ABD in activities of daily living (ADL)is limited. Owing to the increasing rate of elderly accidents in the home compound, ABD in ADL research should be given as much attention to preventing accidents by sending out signals when abnormal behaviour such as falling is detected. In this study, we compare and contrast the formation of the ABD system in ADL from input data types (sensor-based input and vision-based input) to modelling techniques (conventional anddeep learning approaches). We scrutinize the public datasets available and provide solutions for one of the significant issues: the lack of datasets in ABD in ADL. This work aims to guide new researchers to better understand the field of ABD in ADL and serve as a reference for future study of better Ambient Assisted Living with the growing smart home trend.

Particulate matter smaller than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) is one of the main pollutants thathas considerable detrimental effects on human health. Estimating its concentration levels with groundmonitors is inefficient for several reasons. In this study, we build a digital twin (DT) of an atmospheric environment by fusing remote sensing and observational data. An integral part of the DT pipeline is the presence of feedback that can influence future input data. Estimated values of PM2.5 obtained from an ensemble of Random Forest and Gradient Boosting are used to provide recommendations for decreasing the agglomeration levels. We formulate a simple optimization problem for suggesting the recommendations and identify possible action policies, such as cloud seeding, scheduling of air filtering, and SMS notifications. The PM2.5 estimation part of the proposed DT pipeline has achieved RMSE and R2 of 38.94 and 0.728 (95%, CI 0.717-0.740). In addition, we investigate different approaches for quantitatively examining the contribution of each independent variable.

Target tracking is one of the problems existing in the supply chain management. The use of radio frequency identification (RFID) in target tracking helps improve the monitoring accuracy and status visibility of the tracked target. For mobile RFID system, its three entities have to authenticate each other’s identity in order to guarantee the data transmission security. The mobile RFID authentication protocol cannot achieve both high security and low complexity at the same time. For this problem, a new efficiency mobile RFID authentication protocol is proposed in this paper, which implements secure authentication among different communication entities by different operation modes. For example, the protocol adopts Hash Function between reader and cloud server, and exchange-cross bitwise operation between tag and cloud server, to achieve low computing cost at tag-end while improving the security of mobile communication data. At the cloud server end, the protocol proposed in this paper adopts index data table as the storage mode, which further improves the could server efficiency in retrieving the authentication of tags and readers, and reduces the risks of sensitive data disclosure. According to the security analysis, this protocol can resist impersonation attack, replay attack, trace attack and other attacks launched by attackers. Its security performance is further rproved by BAN logic, proverif tool and random oracle model. On the other hand, the simple operation at the tag-end of the protocol lowers the tag cost to a larger extent.

Growing electricity demand, the deployment of renewable energy sources and the widespread use of smart home appliances provides new opportunities for home energy management systems (HEMSs), which can be defined as systems that improve the overall energy production and consumption of residential buildings by controlling and scheduling the use of household equipment. By saving energy, reducing residential electricity costs, optimizing the utilization rate and reliability of utility companies’ power systems, and reducing air pollution for society, HEMSs lead to an enhancement in the socioeconomic development of low-carbon economies. This review aims to systematically analyze and summarize the development trends and challenges of HEMSs in recent years. This paper reviews the development history of the HEMS architecture and discusses the characteristics of several major communication technologies in the current HEMS infrastructure. In addition, the common objectives and constraints related to scheduling optimization are classified, and several optimization methods in the literature, including various intelligent algorithms, have been introduced, compared, and critically analyzed. Furthermore, experimental studies and challenges in the real world are also summarized and recommendations are given. This paper reveals the trend from simple to complex in the architecture and functionality of HEMSs, discusses the challenges for future improvements in modeling and scheduling, and shows the development of various modeling and scheduling methods. Based on this review, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of current research trends in HEMSs and open up ideas for developing new modeling and scheduling approaches by gaining insight into the trade-offs between optimum solutions and computational complexity.

Air quality low-cost sensors (LCSs) are affordable and can be deployed in massive scale in order to enable high-resolution spatio-temporal air pollution information. However, they often suffer from sensing accuracy, in particular, when they are used for capturing extreme events. We propose an intelligent sensors calibration method that facilitates correcting LCSs measurements accurately and detecting the calibrators’ drift. The proposed calibration method uses Bayesian framework to establish white-box and black-box calibrators. We evaluate the method in a controlled experiment under different types of smoking events. The calibration results show that the method accurately estimates the aerosol mass concentration during the smoking events. We show that black-box calibrators are more accurate than white-box calibrators. However, black-box calibrators may drift easily when a new smoking event occurs, while white-box calibrators remain robust. Therefore, we implement both of the calibrators in parallel to extract both calibrators’ strength sand also enable drifting monitoring for calibration models. We also discuss that our method is implementable for other types of LCSs suffered from sensing accuracy.

Bio-cooperative control uses both biomechanical and physiological information of the user to achieve a reliable human-robot interaction. In the context of neuromotor rehabilitation, such control can enhance rehabilitation experience and outcomes. However, the high cost and large volume of the commercial systems for physiological signal acquisition are major limitations for the development of such control. We present a highly versatile, low-cost and wearable embedded system that integrates the most commonly used sensors in this field: inertial measurement unit (IMU), electrocardiography (ECG), electromyography (EMG), galvanic skin response (GSR) and skin temperature (SKT) sensors. Additionally, the compact system combines wireless communication for data transmission and a high-efficiency microcontroller for real-time signal processing and control. We tested the system in two common neuromotor rehabilitation scenarios. The first is an upper-limb rehabilitation VR-based exergame, in which the patient must collect as many coins as possible. Movement recognition of the hand and arm is performed based on EMG and IMU information, respectively. The second is adaptive assistive control that adjusts the level of assistance of a wrist rehabilitation robot according to the physiological state and motor performance of the patient using GSR, ECG and SKT data. The quality of the recorded signals and the processing capacity of the system meet the needs of the two upper-limb rehabilitation applications. The wearable system is highly versatile, open, configurable and low cost, and it could promote the development of real-time bio-cooperative control for a wide range of neuromotor rehabilitation applications.

Heart-Failure (HF) is among the leading hospitalization causes in modern healthcare systems. In this paper, a method for performing continuous patient monitoring with a focus on low power consumptionis presented. A prototype wearable device to assist clinical practice and improve patient’s outcomes bycollecting biological impedance measurements is being developed at the University of Sevilla. Amongthe sensing components there are two major blocks formed by a commercial biological impedance analog frontend from Analog Devices (AD5940) and an Inertial Motion Unit (IMU) capable of estimating attitudeof the device. This information could provide potential new insight into the patient’s status for the physicianand help diagnose and remote monitor patients with HF. A major factor that can be analyzed to provide information on patient status is activity level and body states; time spent walking or standing, layingdown or seated. In this work, a body tracking / activity estimation method is proposed for low power continuous monitoring. One key factor that can provide information on a patient’s status is their activitylevel and body position, such as time spent walking, standing, sitting, or lying down. This paper proposesa body tracking/activity estimation method for low-power continuous monitoring. The study reports a97.6% prediction accuracy for lying down and standing/walking/seated positions and a 67.2% accuracy fordiscriminating between sitting and walking/standing positions. These results are highly relevant for clinicalpractice, as body motion and position can serve as important health markers for patients. Moreover, themotion information obtained can be further processed to better understand variations in the analog impedance measurements.

This article illustrates the controlling mechanismalong with data transmission using optical camera communication in both line-of-sight and non-line-of sight (NLOS) environment.The transmitter of the system is mainly composite of microcontroller (Arduino uno), DHT sensor, two LEDs, andfour push button switches. Here, two LEDs are continuouslytransmitting the control and data signal. The control signal is operated through push button switches. We have used four different control signals that are transmitted from the LEDs and data transmission by collecting data from the surrounding through the temperature and humidity sensor. The entire transmitter operations are processed and controlled through Arduino programming in a microcontroller. The COOK modulationtechnique is used for this system. For data reception, we have used laptop’s camera that is controlled through five different exposure times and operated based on the rolling shutter effect of thecamera. A logistic regression algorithm is applied to recognize the data transmitting LED from the normalized intensity of the stripepatterns. The receiver is capable to collect data under certainconditions, if the light source is obstructed by an object through deep neural network. Again, Generative Adversial Network (GAN)is used as a decoder to reduce the BER during moving scenario and NLOS conditions. Different activation functions are used in theGAN model to find the optimum solution for the system. However,we have archived the maximum 2.5 m communication distancewith 10-4 BER. The receiver program is designed using Python 3.8.

In recent years, there has been growing interestin postural monitoring while seated, thus preventing the appearance of ulcers and musculoskeletal problems in the long term. To date, postural control has been carried outby means of subjective questionnaires that do not provide continuous and quantitative information. For this reason,it is necessary to carry out a monitoring that allows todetermine not only the postural status of wheelchair users,but also to infer the evolution or anomalies associated with a specific disease. Therefore, this paper proposes an intelligent classifier based on a multilayer neural network for the classification of sitting postures of wheelchairusers. The posture database was generated based on data collected by a novel monitoring device composed of force resistive sensors. A training and hyper parameter selection methodology has been used based on the idea of using a stratified K-Fold in weight groups strategy. This allows the neural network to acquire a greater capacity for generalization, thus allowing, unlike other proposed models,to achieve higher success rates not only in familiar subjectsbut also in subjects with physical complexions outside thestandard. In this way, the system can be used to supportwheelchair users and healthcare professionals, helping them to automatically monitor their posture, regard lessphysical complexions.

With the rapid development of modern industry, while improving people’s living standards, the over-exploitation of coal, oil and natural gas has led to a shortage of fossil energy, global warmingand an increasingly serious deterioration of the ecological environment. To mitigate the greenhouse effectcaused by excessive carbon emissions, the vigorous development of integrated electricity-gas system (IEGS)dominated by clean energy is the future trend of sustainable development of energy systems. In this paper,a bi-level optimal scheduling model is proposed for an IEGS considering carbon capture, utilization andstorage (CCUS), and the ladder carbon trading mechanism is introduced to convert carbon emissions intoeconomic benefits. The upper model is an optimal distribution model of natural gas network, and the lowermodel is a day-ahead economic dispatch model of power system. Based on the Karush-Kuhn-Tucher (KKT)condition and strong duality theory of the lower model, the bi-level model is transformed into a mixed integerlinear programming (MILP), which is solved by calling CPLEX through the Yalmip toolbox of the Matlab platform. Finally, the reasonableness and validity of the model are verified by three arithmetic simulations.The results show that the proposed bi-level model for low-carbon economic dispatch of IEGS consideringCCUS can effectively reduce the operating costs and carbon emissions of the system.

Agricultural production is on most countries’ national agenda because climate change affect scrops, fruits, vegetables, and insect infestation. Therefore, achieving maximum production results is a challenge faced by professional growers, who have seen greenhouses as a very good option to guarantee these results. By using new technologies inside greenhouses, farmers can reduce the damaging effect of insects on plants and improve indoor cultivation through climate control. However, to efficiently manage agricultural fields and greenhouses today, farmers have to apply technologies in line with Industry 4.0, such as: robots, Internet of Things devices, machine learning applications, and so on. In this context, deploying sensors plays a key role in collecting data and finding information supporting the farmer’s decision-making. As a feasible solution for small farms, this paper presents an autonomous robot that moves through green house crop paths with previously-planned routes and can collect environmental data provided by a wireless sensor network, where the farmer does not have previous information about the crop. Here, an unsupervised learning algorithm is implemented to cluster the optimal, standard, and deficient sectors of a greenhouse to determine in appropriate growth patterns in crops. Finally, a user interface is designed to help farmers plan both the route and distance to be traveled by the robot while collecting information from the sensors to observe crop conditions.

Recent advances in robotics have allowed the introductionof robots assisting and working together with human subjects.To promote their use and diffusion, intuitive and user-friendlyinteraction means should be adopted. In particular, gestures havebecome an established way to interact with robots since they allowto command them in an intuitive manner. In this article, we focuson the problem of gesture recognition in human–robot interaction(HRI). While this problem has been largely studied in the literature,it poses specific constraints when applied to HRI. We propose aframework consisting in a pipeline devised to take into accountthese specific constraints. We implement the proposed pipelineconsidering, as an example, an evaluation use case. To this end,we consider standard machine learning algorithms for the classificationstage and evaluate their performance considering differentperformance metrics for a thorough assessment.

In hazardous environments, where conditions present risks for humans, the maintenance and interventions are often done with teleoperated remote systems or mobile robotic manipulators to avoid human exposure to dangers. The increasing need for safe and efficient teleoperation requires advanced environmental awareness and collision avoidance. The up-to-date screen-based 2D or 3D interfaces do not fully allow the operator to immerse in the controlled scenario. This problem can be addressed with the emerging Mixed Reality (MR) technologies with Head-Mounted Devices (HMDs) that offer stereoscopic immersion and interaction with virtual objects. Such human-robot interfaces have not yet been demonstrated in tele-robotic interventions in particle physics accelerators. Moreover, the operations often require a few experts to collaborate, which increases the system complexity and requires sharing an Augmented Reality (AR) workspace. The multi-user mobile telerobotics in hazardous environments with shared control in the AR has not yet been approached in the state-of-the-art. In this work, the developed MR human-robot interface using the AR HMD is presented. The interface adapts to the constrained wireless networks in particle accelerator facilities and provides reliable high-precision interaction and specialized visualization. The multimodal operation uses hands, eyes and user motion tracking, and voice recognition for control, as well as offers video, 3D point cloud and audio feedback from the robot. Multiple experts can collaborate in the AR workspace locally or remotely, and share or monitor the robot’s control. Ten operators tested the interface in intervention scenarios in the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) with complete network characterization and measurements to conclude if operational requirements were met and if the network architecture could support single and multi-user communication load. The interface system has proved to be operationally ready at the Technical Readiness Level (TRL) 8 and was validated through successful demonstration in single and multi-user missions. Some system limitations and further work areas were identified, such as optimizing the network architecture for multi-user scenarios or high-level interface actions applying automatic interaction strategies depending on network conditions.

Guide mobile robot have been researched and developed for decades. However, current robot cannot guide the user to the destination considerately, since the status of the user and the properties of the obstacles are not considered, especially for the guiding work of servicing visually impaired people. In this paper, a guide mobile robot with an easy-to-hold handle is designed, a generation method of spatial risk map is proposed to evaluate the influences of potential spaces of objects and a motion control method based on spatial risk map considering potential occupied spaces of objects is proposed. The users are successfully guided to the destination naturally without influencing other pedestrians by avoiding entering the potential spaces of objects automatically, and they can adjust their moving status in their own will since the considerate robot can adaptively adjust its guide status to adapt to the user. Through comparing guiding experiments of different tasks for 10 blindfolded users, the proposed guide mobile robot is proven considerate by guiding the users adaptively and make other pedestrians feel comfortable by avoiding entering the potential spaces of objects automatically.

The extensive research on wearable devices has led to devices with various shapes and mounting locations. Wearable devices are often used to record the user’s biometric information, and methods have been proposed to detect physical abnormalities from the acquired data. Among various kinds of biometric data, pulse data has been used in methods such as heart rate monitoring and emotion recognition. The most common type of pulse sensor uses photoplethysmography (PPG), which irradiates a green LED on the skin and measures pulse data from changes in the light reflected from blood vessels. PPG sensors have been implemented in commercially available wearable devices such as smartwatches. However, a PPG sensor requires blood flow for data acquisition, and when a smartwatch is worn on an artificial body part such as a prosthetic hand or a robotic arm, data cannot be acquired because there is no blood flow. In this study, we propose a method that enables a PPG sensor to measure arbitrary pulse data by using a display. If this method is successful, it will enable pulse data measured at the junction of a living limb and an artificial limb to be input to the display; then, a smartwatch attached to the artificial limb will read the same pulse data. In this paper, we focus on the heart rate and report the results of an experiment in which a target heart rate was input and the display was controlled accordingly to determine whether the target heart rate could be obtained by a smartwatch. We implemented a display drawing program and conducted the evaluation with five kinds of smartwatches and four kinds of displays. The results showed that the error between the target heart rate and the heart rate acquired by the smartwatch was within 3 beats per minute (bpm) in many cases when the target heart rate was set to 60–100 bpm. When the target heart rate was set to 40–55 and 105–200 bpm, the heart rate could also be input into the smartwatch with a small error under certain conditions. Moreover, when generated PPG data was imported into heart rate variability (HRV) analysis software, it was recognized as a pulse wave in the same way as real PPG data obtained from a person. We compared the heart rate, RR interval, and SDNN calculated from the real and generated PPG data, and we confirmed that the proposed method could generate stable PPG data. On the other hand, when the waveforms were compared, the generated PPG waveform differed greatly from the real PPG waveform, which indicated that the software could calculate the heart rate, RR interval, SDNN, and LF/HF ratio regardless of the waveform. This result suggests that the calculation of these parameters without verifying the waveform would be vulnerable to an attack with fake PPG data

A step forward in smart agriculture is moving to direct monitoring plants and crops instead of their environment. Understanding plant status is crucial in improving food production and reducing the usage of water and chemicals in agriculture. Here, we propose a “plant-wearable,” low-cost, and low-power method to measure in-vivo green plant stem frequency as the indicator for plant watering stress status. Our method is based on measuring the frequency of a digital signal obtained with a relaxation oscillator where the plant is a part of the feedback loop. The frequency was correlated with the soil water potential, used as a critical indicator of plant water stress, and an 85% correlation was found. In this way, the measuring system matches all the requirements of smart agriculture and Internet of Things (IoT): ultra-low-cost, low-complexity, ultra-low-power, and small sizes, introducing the concept of wearability in plant monitoring. The proposed solution exploits the plant and the soil as a communication channel: the signal carrying the plant watering stress status information is transmitted to a receiving system connected to a different plant. The system's current consumption is lower than 50  μμ A during the transmission in the plant and 40 mA for wireless communication. During inactivity periods, the total current consumption is lower than 15 μμ A. Another important aspect is that the system has to be energy autonomous. Our proposal is based on energy harvesting solutions from multiple sources: solar cells and plant microbial fuel cells. This way, the system is battery less, thanks to super capacitors as a storage element. The system can be deployed in the fields and used to monitor plants directly in their environment.

As a first step towards decreasing greenhouse gas emissions originating from transportation, it is critical that we create efficient systems for monitoring individual travel patterns and the associated carbon footprints. To this end, this paper presents a CO2e emission estimator that combines transportation mode classification with mode-specific emissions data. In addition to assessing the accuracy of the final emission estimation, we also categorize error sources and discuss their relative importance. Finally, we provide recommendations for designers of future carbon footprint estimators. Experimental results support the notion that transportation mode classifiers used for carbon footprint estimation should be evaluated based on their ability to identify carbon emitting transportation modes, while giving lower priority to recognition of various stationary activities and low-emission transportation modes. Additionally, it is demonstrated that errors in the estimated traveled distance have a low impact on the overall emissions error compared to errors in the transportation mode classification or in the assumed emissions per traveled distance for a specific mode.

Telemedicine applications have received increasing attention with significant effects on the traditional mechanism of health care services, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This article investigates the values and barriers influencing the adoption and acceptance of telemedicine services during COVID-19 by a systems approach combined with a quantitative analysis. We developed a casual loop diagram showing the interactions between the factors, including technology, policymaking, patient, and care provider in the context of COVID-19. The feedback loops were thematically synthesized from the literature to demonstrate the attitude of adopting telemedicine services while considering the connections and causality of different factors. To further quantify how COVID-19 impacted the adoption of telemedicine, a National Electronic Health Record Survey 021 was utilized to test the usage, barrier, and trend of telemedicine. The results indicate that factors including ease of use, utilization, available tools, facilitating conditions, technology access, and quality of care influence the adoption and acceptance of telemedicine. The results also suggest that the challenges and opportunities associated with telemedicine adoption and use should be explored holistically from multiple perspectives and shed light on various stakeholders at different levels.

We propose a novel and generic design methodology to suggest minimum energy harvesting hardware requirements, namely the photovoltaic panel's area and supercapacitor's size for energy storage. In addition, a lifetime model is also proposed to calculate the extended lifetime of a hybrid energy harvesting device if it is equipped with a backup battery

In this work, architecture for real-time tracking using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and iBeacons in women safety is proposed. The proposed system is to locate not only women but also other facilities such as children. It consists of four different frameworks: server communication, user interaction, cross-platform communication and outdoor localization. A wearable BLE Enabled device is setup with coms battery. and a smartphone can be used in our system. The first stage of the tracking system is setting up and calibrating the BLE iBeacons for initialization. Then the Received Signal Strength is collected from the BLE Enabled devices carried by users. These data are analysed and calculated using our improved Least Square Estimation approach to estimate the actual RSSI of users. Once it’s properly estimated the RSSI value by pairing with the developed android apk, the GPS location of the mobile is sharing to the server.by having the proper RSSI and GPS location in server, the results show that our tracking system achieves resolutions of the order of exact location of the device and ibeacon distance paired with the apk. This will be further integrated with Google map to improve the real-time tracking monitoring experience.

This paper proposes a walking aid cane robot for the elderly and visually impaired people, which is equipped with a walking stick and force sensors in the handlebar. The cane’s movement is controlled based on the force applied to the handlebar, and an ultrasonic sensor detects obstacles and alerts the user through a speaker. A driver circuit manages the cane’s movement, and a MEMS sensor detects falls, stopping the cane’s movement. The user’s location is updated via the cloud, and a message is sent to the caregiver. The system employs various sensors, including MEMS, force, and ultrasonic sensors, to enhance safety. The GSM module plays a crucial role in sending alerts and notifications to the user’s mobile phone in case of potential danger. The use of these sensors is intended to provide real-time information about the stick holder’s status and surroundings, detecting potential dangers and alerting the user in a timely manner to reduce accidents and injuries.

This paper presents a smart surveillance system using robotics for analysing the wellbeing of the livestock and early detection of disease in poultry farms. The current system often identifies infections too late, resulting in mass culling of flocks. The proposed solution is to use disease control through vaccination as an alternate approach. The proof of concept for this paper was implemented using the Raspberry Pi along with Controller, which was adapted to better suit the needs of the paper. The system was able to collect data from sensors measuring variables such as Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide, temperature, and humidity. The wellbeing of the chicken can be monitored through the environmental variables being sensed. Based on studies, deviations in these variables from the baseline can indicate the presence of disease. Some systems also listen to sounds to understand if illnesses are prevalent. The data will be passed through a series of conditions to determine the probability of infection within the farm. Experimental analyses through simulations were conducted with the mobile robot connected with sensors. Based on the significant deviation of sensor outputs from the benchmark values, the presence of disease in the livestock was detected in the early stages.

Wheelchairs are essential for people with physical disabilities, the elderly, and those who are temporarily incapacitated due to illness or accidents. However, traditional wheelchairs require personal effort or assistance from others. With the advancement of technology, patient support and monitoring systems have become more user-friendly and easier to use. This study involves the development of a wheelchair prototype and a fall detection system using controller. The prototype and system can be monitored by an overseer or concerned individual. The fall detection system consists of an accelerometer, GSM module, and GPS module. In the event of a fall, the system triggers an emergency buzzer alert and sends a notification to the concerned person along with the location. This innovative system is designed to improve patient safety and security by providing real-time monitoring of wheelchair users. With the use of controller, the system is easy to operate and can be customized to meet specific patient needs. The combination of the accelerometer, GSM, and GPS modules provides a reliable and effective fall detection solution. Overall, this study offers a promising solution to improve the quality of life for wheelchair users and their caregivers.

The goal of designing a dust cleaning robot using embedded systems is to clean the floor automatically using a robot that can work in hazardous environments without the assistance of people, to construct a floor cleaning robot without a driver, and to develop an autonomous robotics system that uses the internet of things. It is typically used when large areas need to be cleaned with few obstructions. Most problems occur on huge floors beyond human capabilities. That means people can get exhausted over large areas of ground. The harmful radiations, chemicals, air pollution, and other factors might cause a man to become ill or perhaps die at places like nuclear facilities or chemical industries. Therefore, this robot can be used there. In this project, numerous features have been included, like a vacuum cleaner, a wiper motor, and a water pump in the centre for wetting the floor followed by wipe down the floor with the vacuum cleaner

Many factors-including sunlight, water, soil, and pest control-need to be considered when cultivating crops. The farmer has other responsibilities besides keeping an eye on the seedlings. In this way, the productivity of farming is enhanced by a machine that tends to all the plants with minimal human intervention. The amount of water a plant receives should be proportional to the amount of sunlight it gets. This research work employs the idea of IoT to connect the monitored plant to the network and transmit data. The microcontroller and components include a photoresistor for light detection and a moisture sensor for measuring the amount of moisture in the soil. The information is transmitted over a network, and the result is viewed using a mobile application. The data that has been collected is displayed in the app. It warns the user when the plant is in danger of drying out due to a lack of water or sunlight. If the crop is dry, a motor driven water pump is used to saturate the soil, and if it’s too wet, a motor-operated shutter opens to let the water out. This project intends to make farming as mechanized and labor-free as possible.

Scientist and Researchers found Covid-19 becomes an endemic for the near decade each time different mutations of Corona Virus makes different variants, Medicines and vaccinations done for previous variants and mutations does not show much effect on the newly identified Variants of Corona Virus. So as a precautionary measure for not getting effected to Covid-19 each time different booster shots of Covid-19 Vaccination should be Taken for avoiding isolation/quarantined and disease spreading to others. International travellers or international working persons facing problems in Vaccination based entry security checking in Airports, Cinema Theatres, Malls and other public places where the crowd gatherings are there. There is no common platform to identify the persons who got different vaccine dose from different countries due to the Citizens personal data sharing restriction policy of different Governments. Different countries will be following different standards so for an International traveller after taking the Complete Vaccination dose from different countries on reaching back to his home country he might be showing as Unvaccinated category in order to avoid this kind of problems a global solution need to be proposed as International Vaccination Chip which can be scanned anywhere globally and make the Vaccination based entry. For Security checking of Vaccination based entry in the existing system corrupted people will show some body’s vaccination certificate and get entry into these crowd gathering places, these people sometimes may carry covid-19 Virus and may lead to a massive spread , so in our proposed system person who carries a Vaccination Chip stand in front of the security person he will be having a unit which will shows the Photo Identity and the Vaccination details fetched from the International Vaccine Page of the person standing in front of the security check in. This project comprises four different modules, 1. Digital Vaccination CHIP module for the public.2. Vaccination status checking unit for all the vaccination checking places like Restaurants and malls.3.Vaccination status update Server Page for the govt and private medical sectors 4. Mobile scanner app. Digital Vaccination chip contains IoT enabled controller with QR display unit to show the QR at the entry places of the vaccination checking. Vaccination Checking Unit contains wireless receiver to receive the code from scanner app and TFT display to display the Name, Age, photo, Vaccination status like partial, fully and booster etc. of the respective public. Vaccination status updater page is for update the vaccination details for every public who is taken the dose every time.

In interconnection and automation of different physical gadgets, vehicles, home machines and different Things, These objects associate and deal information with the assistance of software, different sensors, and actuators. A human's standard of life and living are improved with this automation of gadgets, which is a forthcoming need. In this paper we talked about a similar requirement for instance, a smart car parking system which empowers a driver to discover a parking area and a free slot in that parking area inside a city. This paper focus on decreasing the time squandered on discovering parking area. This in turn diminishes the fuel utilization and way of life. With the exponential increment in the quantity of vehicles and total population, vehicle accessibility, use out, about starting late, finding a space for parking the vehicle is turning out to be increasingly more troublesome with realizing the amount of conflicts, for example, automobile overloads. This paper is connected to making a trustworthy system that accept authority over the undertaking of recognizing free slots in a parking area and keeping the record of vehicles left in an extremely methodical way. The predicted system decreases human effort at the parking area generally.

The project titled as “DESIGN and IMPLEMENTATION of WOMEN AUSPICE SYSTEM with GPS TRACKING” which mainly focusses on safety of women. As this is 21st century where technology is growing rapidly day by day but still women are hesitated to step out of their houses at night times or at odd hours. Because, many things have got changed but the worry about their safety is still remained same. This project provides a wearable safety system to all the women. There are many android applications in the market for women safety but the thing is whenever she is in danger she may not able to operate mobile phones. By considering this as major problem designing a solution is the main motto of the project to provide safety for all the women who may or may not use android mobile phones. This safety device includes GPS, GSM, power supply, emergency push button, Buzzer.

Libraries are essential parts of educational institutes that provide teaching resources and information. There is a loss of library resources due to the inefficiency of manual library systems which are not updating the information regularly. This paper aims to improve the existing library management systems at the university level using radio frequency identification technology (RFID). RFID is a fast emerging technology as it enhances authenticity and reliability. The proposed smart library system uses RFID tag, RFID tag reader, Microcontroller, and back-end database that store the required content. It automates the issue and return of books with minimum human intervention. The designed library portal gives the availability of a variety of library resources, book transaction information, and fine details for both students and staff. The data analysis of book transaction details is done and data visualisation is also made available to both user and admin.